[Evaluation of the change in pneumococcal vaccination in 2018 in adults in the Community of Madrid]. / Evaluación del cambio de pauta de vacunación frente al neumococo de 2018 en la población adulta en la Comunidad de Madrid.

BACKGROUND: In the Community of Madrid since 2005 vaccination against pneumococcus in adults from 60 years of age has been carried out with pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV23). In January 2018, the guideline changed in favor of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13). The objective of this study was to analyze the data of pneumococcal vaccination and to evaluate the implementation of the new guideline of vaccination against pneumococcus in adults in the Community of Madrid. METHODS: Cross-sectional study to estimate vaccine coverage by a retrospective review of the record of vaccination history of people ≥60 years resident in the Community of Madrid. RESULTS: In the Community of Madrid until 2018, 83% of the population were vaccinated with PPV23, 6% with PCV13 and 11% with both vaccines. 96.5% came from Primary Care records. The doses administered of PCV13 surpassed those of PPV23 in ≥60 years in all age groups. 78,660 people ≥60 years were vaccinated with PCV13 (19.5% without risk factors, 67.3% with chronic diseases, 2.5% of the high-risk group and 10.7% belonging to both groups). CONCLUSIONS: In 2018, following Community of Madrid recommendations, 6,639 people were not properly vaccinated with PCV13 and 72,021 (91.6%) were properly vaccinated. The greatest confusion occurred in people ≥60 years without risk factors who had a previous PPV23 and did not require another vaccine but received a PCV13 without complying with the recommended schedule.

Feocromocitoma en neoplasia endocrina múltiple IIA asociado a tuberculosis pulmonar presentada como abdomen agudo: reporte de caso y revisión de la literatura / Pheochromocytoma in multiple endocrine neoplasia 2A associated with pulmonary tuberculosis presenting as abdominal pain: a case report and literature review

El feocromocitoma constituye una neoplasia productora de catecolaminas que se presenta de forma esporádica o asociada a enfermedades de transmisión hereditaria, como la neoplasia endocrina múltiple. Los síntomas clásicos como la cefalea, sudoración y palpitaciones son atribuidos a la actividad del sistema nervioso simpático y suelen presentarse en forma de paroxismos. La tuberculosis pulmonar es una enfermedad infecciosa que constituye un problema de salud pública en muchos países, cuya incidencia depende de algunos factores incluyendo la inmunosupresión que generan las enfermedades endocrino-tumorales como la antes descrita. Presentamos el caso de un paciente masculino de 38 años que acude a emergencia por presentar un paroxismo de hipertensión arterial y dolor abdominal, como manifestaciones iniciales de un feocromocitoma en el contexto de una neoplasia endocrina múltiple de tipo IIA. El paciente desarrolló de forma concomitante tuberculosis pulmonar; no obstante, se logró tratar ambas entidades consiguiendo una evolución clínica favorable.

Pheochromocytoma is a catecholamine-producing neoplasm that may occur sporadically or associated with hereditary diseases, such as multiple endocrine neoplasia. The classic symptoms are headache, sweating, and palpitations and are attributed to the sympathetic nervous system activity, usually presenting as paroxysms. On the other hand, pulmonary tuberculosis is an infectious disease considered a public health problem in many countries, whose incidence depends on risk factors such as immunosuppression. It is well known that endocrine-tumor diseases such as multiple endocrine neoplasia can predispose to chronic inflammation and immunosuppression. We report the case of a 38-year-old male patient who had an episode of arterial hypertension and abdominal pain as the first symptoms of a pheochromocytoma associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A. The patient developed pulmonary tuberculosis simultaneously, but we managed to treat both entities and achieve a favorable clinical course.

Cura húmeda de úlceras por presión. Atención en el ámbito domiciliar / Pressure ulcers humid healing: Attention within the home environment / Cura húmida de ulceras por pressão. Atenção no âmbito domiciliar

La necesidad de trabajar en el domicilio el tratamiento y prevención de las úlceras por presión (UPP) mediante sesiones basadas en cura húmeda es trascendente para la eversión y cicatrización en menor tiempo. Objetivo: Evaluar la eficacia del tratamiento de la cura húmeda en pacientes con UPP en un ambiente domiciliario. Método: Se realizó una intervención clínica con la técnica de cura húmeda en 11 UPP de 4 pacientes egresados del hospital con su problema de salud resuelto, pero no así las UPP observadas en puntos de presión, con lesiones grado II (n = 6) y grado III (n = 5). Se realizaron 12 curaciones, cada 72 h, en los domicilios de las personas. Se midió la severidad y su reversión con el instrumento Pressure Ulcers Scale for Healing (PUSH). Este instrumento tiene un alfa de Cronbach de 0.823. Resultados: Se curaron 9 UPP de 11; todas las de grado II (n = 6), mientras que de las de grado III se curaron 3 (n = 5). La cicatrización se dio en un lapso de 4 semanas, inferior a la cura tradicional que demora 2 veces más el tiempo de cicatrización. Conclusión: En el ámbito domiciliario, la cura húmeda fue eficaz para revertir las UPP de pacientes que las habían desarrollado durante su hospitalización y que egresaron sin tratamiento para ellas. La intervención se convierte en una opción para mejorar la calidad de vida de las personas y un medio que las instituciones de salud pueden poner en práctica.

The need to carry out prevention and treatment of pressure ulcers (PU) within the home environment by means of humid healing sessions is very important for the prompt eversion and cicatrization of the wounds. Objective: To assess the efficacy of the humid healing in patients with PU within the home environment. Method: A clinical intervention was performed using the humid healing technique on 11 PU in 4 discharged patients showing degree II lesions (n = 6), and degree III lesions (n = 5). Twelve healings every 72 h were carried out at the homes of these patients. The ulcers severity and progress were estimated using the Pressure Ulcers Scale for Healing (PUSH) instrument, which has a Cronbach alfa of 0.823. Results: Nine PU out of the total 11 healed-all degree II (n = 6) and 3 degree III (n = 5). The cicatrization process only took 4 weeks, a time which is much shorter than the usual 8 weeks which take the traditional healing. Conclusion: Within the home environment, humid healing was an effective method to address PU in patients previously discharged from hospitals. This kind of interventions represents an option which health institutions can promote in order to improve the quality of life of these patients.

A necessidade de trabalhar na residência o tratamento e prevenção das Ulceras por pressão (UPP) mediante sessões baseadas em cura húmida, é transcendente para a eversão e cicatrização em menor tempo. Objetivo: Avaliar a eficácia do tratamento da cura húmida em pacientes com UPP em um ambiente domiciliar. Método: Realizou-se uma intervenção clínica com a técnica de cura húmida em 11 UPP de quatro pacientes formados do hospital com seu problema de saúde resolvido, mas não assim as UPP observadas em pontos de pressão, com lesões grau II (n = 6) e III (n = 5). Realizaram-se 12 curas, cada 72 h nas residências das pessoas. Mediu-se a severidade e sua reversão com o instrumento Pressure Ulcers Scale for Healing (PUSH). Este instrumento tem um alfa de Cronbach de 0.80. Resultados: Foram curadas 9 UPP de 11, todas as de grau II (n = 6), enquanto que as de grau III, 3 (n = 5). A cicatrização deu-se em um lapso de 4 semanas, inferior à cura tradicional que demora duas vezes mais o tempo de cicatrização. Conclusão: No âmbito domiciliar, a cura húmida foi eficaz para reverter as UPP de pacientes que as tinham desenvolvido durante sua hospitalização e que se formaram sem tratamento para elas. A intervenção se tornou em una opção para melhorar a qualidade de vida das pessoas e um médio que as instituições de saúde podem pôr em prática.

Tratamiento de la hernia inguinal bilateral con malla autoadhesiva en régimen de cirugía ambulatoria. ¿Un nuevo estándar? / Bilateral inguinal hernia repair with self-gripping mess in Day Surgery setting: a new standard?

Introducción: El empleo de mallas confeccionadas con materiales parcialmente reabsorbibles y un diseño que permite que se fijen al tejido sin suturas se plantea como estándar terapéutico en la hernioplastia inguinal bilateral, disminuyendo los tiempos quirúrgicos y mejorando el dolor y la recuperación postoperatoria y, por tanto, favoreciendo la ambulatorización del proceso. Material y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo a través de la historia clínica electrónica (IANUS) de 58 pacientes intervenidos en nuestro servicio en el periodo comprendido entre enero de 2011 y marzo de 2013. Resultados: Se han intervenido en la unidad de cirugía mayor ambulatoria (UCMA) 34 pacientes (58,6 %) y 24 (41,4 %) en régimen de cirugía de tarde. De los pacientes intervenidos en UCMA, solo 3 (8,8 %) precisaron ingreso. De los operados de tarde, 14 (58 %) tuvieron más de una pernocta. Sufrieron dolor agudo intenso 8 pacientes, 4 intervenidos en programa de cirugía ambulatoria y 4 en cirugía de tarde. Presentaron hematomas postoperatorios 8 pacientes, la mayoría intervenidos en cirugía de tarde, estado físico ASA III y tratados con antiagregantes o anticoagulantes. Conclusiones: La hernioplastia inguinal bilateral con malla autoadhesiva en UCMA es un procedimiento ambulatorizable casi al 100 %. Puede plantearse como nuevo estándar en el tratamiento ambulatorio de las hernias inguinales bilaterales (AU)

Introduction: The use of meshes made with partially absorbable materials and a design that allows the tissue to be fixed without sutures, is considered as a therapeutic standard in the bilateral inguinal hernia repair, decreasing surgery time and improving the pain and the postoperative recovery, and for that, helping the ambulatorization of the process. Material and methods: A retrospective study using the electronic medical record (IANUS) of 58 patients operated in our Service in the period between January 2011 and March 2013. Results: The patients are males in 95 % of the cases. 58.6 % underwent surgery in our outpatient surgery unit, 8.8 % needed to be admitted to hospital 41.4 % were operated in the regime of evening surgery, having to sleep overnight 58 %. 8 patients suffered severe acute pain, 4 were operated in ambulatory surgery and 4 in evening surgery. 8 patients had postoperative haematomas, the majority had been operated the evening before, were ASA III and treated with antiplatelet drugs or anticoagulants. Conclusion: The bilateral inguinal hernia repair with self-gripping mesh in our outpatient surgery unit is a day-case episode nearly 100 %. It can be considered as a new standard in the outpatient treatment of the bilateral inguinal hernias (AU)

Crop row detection in maize fields inspired on the human visual perception.

This paper proposes a new method, oriented to image real-time processing, for identifying crop rows in maize fields in the images. The vision system is designed to be installed onboard a mobile agricultural vehicle, that is, submitted to gyros, vibrations, and undesired movements. The images are captured under image perspective, being affected by the above undesired effects. The image processing consists of two main processes: image segmentation and crop row detection. The first one applies a threshold to separate green plants or pixels (crops and weeds) from the rest (soil, stones, and others). It is based on a fuzzy clustering process, which allows obtaining the threshold to be applied during the normal operation process. The crop row detection applies a method based on image perspective projection that searches for maximum accumulation of segmented green pixels along straight alignments. They determine the expected crop lines in the images. The method is robust enough to work under the above-mentioned undesired effects. It is favorably compared against the well-tested Hough transformation for line detection.

Papel del tratamiento quirúrgico por vía laparoscópica de la achalasia de cardias: análisis de 50 casos / Role of Laparoscopic Surgery in the Treatment of Achalasia: An Analysis of 50 Cases

La achalasia es un trastorno motor esofágico infrecuente, con un manejo terapéutico controvertido. Objetivo Analizar nuestra experiencia en el manejo de la achalasia, valorando la repercusión de la cirugía mínimamente invasiva, sus complicaciones y resultados a corto y medio plazo. Métodos Estudio descriptivo reprospectivo incluyendo los pacientes intervenidos desde 1999 a 2010 con diagnóstico de achalasia. Analizamos las pruebas diagnósticas previas, la duración de la sintomatología previa al diagnóstico, las terapéuticas no quirúrgicas previas, la vía de abordaje quirúrgico, el tipo de intervención antirreflujo, la duración y las complicaciones perioperatorias. Resultados Fueron intervenidos 50pacientes por vía laparoscópica, 24varones y 26mujeres. La edad media fue de 47años. La media del tiempo de evolución de la enfermedad fue de 2años. Un 22% de los pacientes habían recibido entre 1 y 4sesiones de tratamiento endoscópico previo a la cirugía con recidiva sintomática. En 48 se asoció una funduplicatura tipo Dor y en 2, tipo Toupet. La media de tiempo quirúrgico fue de 123minutos. Se produjeron 9complicaciones intraoperatorias (5perforaciones gástricas mucosas, 2hemorragias, 1laceración hepática y 1broncoaspiración) y 4complicaciones postoperatorias (3cuadros de dolor escapular y 1colección subfrénica). El seguimiento medio fue de 28meses. En el 84% de los pacientes el resultado fue bueno o excelente a largo plazo, en el 12%, regular y en el 4%, malo. Conclusiones Dado el éxito a corto y largo plazo con una mínima morbilidad, la miotomía de Heller laparoscópica es el tratamiento de elección en los pacientes seleccionados para cirugía (AU)

Achalasia is an uncommon oesophageal motor disorder, with a controversial therapeutic management. Aim The aim of our study was to analyse our experience in the management of achalasia, assessing the impact of minimally invasive surgery, its complications, and its outcomes in the short and medium term. Methods A retrospective and descriptive study was designed, including all patients operated on between 1999 and 2010 with the diagnosis of achalasia. Previous diagnostic tests, duration of symptoms, previous non-surgical treatment, surgical approach, associated antireflux intervention, surgical time, and perioperative complications were analysed. Results A total of 50 patients, 24 males, and 26 females, with a mean age of 47 years underwent laparoscopic surgery. The mean duration of the disease was 2 years. Eleven (22%) patients had received endoscopic treatment (1–4 sessions) prior to the surgery, with 100% of symptomatic recurrence. The surgery was accompanied by a Dor fundoplication in 48 patients, and Toupet fundoplication in the remaining 2. The mean surgical time was 123min. There were 9intraoperative complications (5 gastric mucosal perforations, 2 bleeding, 1 liver injury, and 1 aspiration); 4 postoperative complications (3 scapular pain and 1 sub-phrenic collection) were reported. The long-term subjective symptomatic response was excellent/good in 84% of patients, intermediate in 12%, and poor in 4%. The mean follow-up was 28 months. Conclusions Heller cardiomyotomy should be the treatment of choice in selected Achalasia patients, because of its short and long term outcomes, and its low morbidity (AU)

Estudio descriptivo del cribado de cromosomopatías en el primer trimestre de la gestación, en el Hospital Clínico San Carlos de Madrid, España / Observational study of screening for chromosomal abnormalities during first trimester of gestation in Clinic Hospital San Carlos, Madrid, Spain

Antecedentes: El cribado combinado de cromosomopatías, fundamentalmente trisomía 21, en el primer trimestre de gestación, se introdujo en los años '90 y está basado en un cálculo del riesgo a través de la combinación de la edad materna, la translucencia nucal fetal (TN), y los marcadores bioquímicos maternos (PAPP-A y fBHCG). Mediante esta combinación de marcadores se obtiene una sensibilidad para aneuploidías del 85-90 por ciento, con una tasa de falsos positivos (FP) del 5 por ciento. Objetivo: El propósito de este trabajo es describir la población cribada y analizar los resultados desde la implantación de la técnica en nuestro centro. Método: Estudio observacional de la población gestante que acudió para cribado de cromosomopatías durante el primer trimestre de la gestación al Hospital Clínico San Carlos, desde julio de 1999 hasta diciembre de 2009. Resultados: El tamaño muestral fue de 21.194 gestaciones simples, con un 12,5 por ciento de mujeres con más de una gestación y 141 casos de aneuploidía (6,6 por ciento). Se describe las características de la población y el comportamiento de las variables estudiadas. La sensibilidad del cribado combinado fue del 70 por ciento, con una tasa de FP de 2,3 por ciento. Conclusión: La tasa de detección del cribado combinado de cromosomopatías en el primer trimestre de gestación, es menor que la publicada en la literatura, aunque ha ido mejorando con los años, probablemente por una mejor formación de los ecografistas. En contraposición, la tasa de FP es muy baja.

Background: Screening for aneuploidies, mainly trisomy 21, during the first trimester of gestation, was introduced in the '90s and is based on a calculation of the risk through the combination of maternal age, nuchal translucency (NT) and biochemical parameters (PAPP-A and fBHCG). By means of this combination we can obtain a detection rate for aneuploidies of 85-90 percent, with a false positive rate of 5 percent. Objective: To describe our population and analyze our results related to combined screening for aneuploidies, during the period of time it has been performed in our hospital. Methods: Observational study of all pregnant women who attended Hospital Clínico San Carlos for screening of chromosomopaties during first trimester of gestation, from July 1999 to December 2009. Results: Sample size was 21,194 single pregnancies, with 12,5 percent of women with more than one gestation, and 141 cases of aneuploidy (6,6 percent). We describe the characteristics of our population and the distribution of the parameters studied. Combined screening had a detection rate of 70 percent with a false positive rate of 2,3 percent. Conclusion: Screening for aneuploidies during first trimester of gestation, in Hospital Clínico San Carlos, has a lower detection rate than previously reported. However, the false positive rate is very low.

Valganciclovir-induced leukopenia in liver transplant recipients: influence of concomitant use of mycophenolate mofetil.

INTRODUCTION: An increased incidence and magnitude of leukopenia during concomitant treatment with valganciclovir (VGC) and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) has been reported. OBJECTIVE: To evalute the incidence and severity of leukopenia and neutropenia among liver recipients treated with VGC and related factors. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Retrospective analysis of clinical and analytical data related to leukopenia (<3000 leukocytes/mm(3)) and neutropenia (<900 neutrophils/mm(3)) in liver transplant patients who were treated with VGC from 2003 to 2007. We examined the influence of concomitant administration of MMF and development of subsequent infections. RESULTS: Among 209 liver transplants, 40 treatments with VGC were prescribed in 37 patients (17.7%), 12 of which (30%) were associated with MMF. The patients has an average age of 49.7 +/- 12.7, body mass index (BMI) of 27.28 +/- 5.17, and Model for End-stage Liver Disease Score (MELD) 12.45 +/- 7.5. The daily average dose of VGC was 1440 +/- 446.5 mg and MMF, 1454.5 +/- 350.3 mg. We observed a decrease of 30% in initial leukocyte count (5353.7 +/- 2706.6) and 40% in neutrophil count (3600 +/- 2182.1). With no relationship to total dose or BMI-adjusted dose of VGC nor concomitant administration of MMF. The initial leukocyte count was significantly lower (4411 +/- 1930 vs 6206 +/- 3053; P = .03) and underwent a main drop (2344.7 +/- 1974.3 vs 898.1 +/- 2435.6; P = .04) when leukopenia developed. In the induced neutropenia group, previous leukocyte count (3797.1 +/- 1223.9 vs 5683.9 +/- 2829.3; P = .01), MELD (18.7 +/- 8.8 vs 11.1 +/- 6.6; P = .01), and the creatinine pretreatment (1.44 +/- 0.4 vs 1.09 +/- 0.3; P = .01) were significantly different. Subsequent infections induced by the leukopenia were not observed. CONCLUSIONS: In our series, the concomitant use of VGC and MMF was not associated with a greater incidence of leukopenia and/or neutropenia than VGC administration alone. Previous leukocyte count was associated with them. MELD and renal dysfunction are factors related to severe neutropenia. Leukopenia was not associated with a greater incidence of infections.

Quiste linfoepitelial: una causa muy infrecuente de masa pancreática / No disponible

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Absceso subfrénico con extensión pleural y subcutánea como complicación de un cálculo vertido al peritoneo durante la colecistectomía laparoscópica: implicaciones terapéuticas / Subfrenic abscess with pleural and subcutaneous involvement as complication of peritoneal gallstone dropped during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: therapeutic implications

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Evolución favorable con tratamiento conservador de la rotura esplénica espontánea durante una mononucleosis infecciosa / Favorable evolution with conservative therapy in spontaneous spleen rupture during infectious mononucleosis

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[Epidermoid cyst: a rare cause of cystic liver disease]. / Quiste epidermoide: una causa infrecuente de patología quística hepática.

We present the case of a 42-year-old male patient with a large hepatic cyst, simulating a hydatid cyst. Subtotal cystectomy was performed. Thirteen months after this procedure the patient relapsed and a second laparotomy and total cystectomy were performed. A histopathological diagnosis of epidermoid cyst of the liver was made. The differential diagnosis of epidermoid cysts of the liver is broad and definitive diagnosis is usually only obtained after pathological examination of the surgical specimen. For this reason, and because of the potential for neoplasia, complete resection of the hepatic lesion should be attempted.

Total parenteral nutrition in the surgical patient: a meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between total parenteral nutrition(TPN) and complication and death rates in surgical patients. DATA SOURCES: A computer search of published research on MEDLINE, personal files and a review of relevant reference lists. STUDY SELECTION: A review of 237 titles, abstracts or papers. Primary studies were included if they were randomized clinical trials of surgical patients that evaluated the effect of TPN (compared to no TPN or standard care) on complication and death rates. Studies comparing TPN to enteral nutrition (EN) were excluded. DATA EXTRACTION: Relevant data were abstracted on the methodology and outcomes of primary studies. Data were independently abstracted in duplicate. DATA SYNTHESIS: There were 27 randomized trials in surgical patients that compared the use of TPN to standard care (usual oral diet plus intravenous dextrose). When the results of these trials were aggregated, there was no effect on mortality (risk ratio = 0.97, 95% confidence intervals, 0.76 to 1.24). There were fewer major complications in patients who received TPN, although there was significant heterogeneity in the overall estimate (risk ratio = 0.81, 95% CI, 0.65 to 1.01). Because of this significant heterogeneity, several a priori hypotheses were examined. Studies that included only malnourished patients demonstrated a trend to a reduction in complication rates but no difference in death rate when compared with studies of patients who were not malnourished. Studies published in 1988 or earlier and studies with a lower methods score were associated with a significant reduction in complication rates and a trend to a reduction in death rate when compared with studies published after 1988 and studies with a higher methods score. There was no difference in studies that provided lipids as a component of TPN when compared with studies that did not. Studies that initiated TPN preoperatively demonstrated a trend to a reduction in complication rates but no difference in death rate when compared with studies that initiated TPN postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS: TPN does not influence the death rate of surgical patients. It may reduce the complication rate, especially in malnourished patients, but study results are influenced by methodologic quality and year of publication.

Imágenes osteolíticas en calota craneal / Osteolytic images of the skull

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